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ͯÝÖõ¿×ù Ùíó´àÉüå / International Conference on Korean Sn Buddhism Comments on Professor Kimura Kiyotaka's "Bodhidharma's Practice of Recompense and Formation of Chan Buddhism: An Angle to the Radical Problems of Chan Tradition"

Woncheol Yun Dept. of Religious Studies Seoul National University Prof. Kimura's article attracts our interest in many points. Among them, what especially concerns me is his attempt to readdress the importance of moral discipline in Ch'an (or S/Zen). Advocating the universal and cardinal importance of moral efforts in Mahyna Buddhist soteriology, Prof. Kimura points out that Bodhidharma also put utmost emphasis on them in terms of 'the practice of recompense.' Ch'an tradition originated from Bodhidharma's teachings, according to its own allegation.

However, as Prof. Kimura criticizes, Ch'an tradition somehow (deliberately or incidentally?¡ªI want ask Prof. Kimura's opinion) decided to forget all about Bodhidharma's teaching regarding 'the practice of recompense.' In this respect at the least, we can say that Ch'an tradition forgot its self-alleged origin.

It seems to me that Prof. Kimura wants to say that Ch'an tradition, due to that fatal amnesia, failed to work properly as a Mahna Buddhist religious movement. He alludes it by stating in the conclusion: "Is it wrong opinion that Ch'an Buddhism would be a school of Mahyna Buddhism and have power to save all beings, only in case that the practice of recompense is an indispensable element of it?"

Prof. Kimura also seems to think that Ch'an Buddhism, due to the same amnesia, lost its effectiveness in the modern world, at the least. And he claims that the future of Ch'an Buddhism depends upon whether it reincorporates the concern in moral efforts into its soteriology as a crucial part of it. The last sentence of his article reads as follows: "[W]e have to reconsider about the meaning of the practice of recompense Bodhidharma advocated at the beginning of Ch'an tradition, especially when we hope to revive Ch'an Buddhism as an effective religion in the modern world."

To my understanding, this article seems to be a result of Prof. Kimura's search for a modality of Ch'an Buddhist practice that will enhance the chance for Ch'an Buddhism to keep its effect as a guide of people's spiritual and practical lives and to make contributions to desirable development of human culture, as well as to secure its own survival, in the upcoming new millenium. I myself, together with many adherents or friends of Ch'an Buddhism, am much concerned for its future under adverse circumstances such as prevailing secularization of society and culture along with 'deteriorate d'¡ªas seen from religious perspectives¡ªspiritual life in modern world.

I have been thinking, also together with many other s¡ªperhaps including Prof. Kimura, too¡ª, that revalorization of moral teachings and efforts in the soteriological programs of Ch'an Buddhism may be not only the best but also a necessary choice for it to come up with the serious challenges against its validity in this and upcoming era.

However, I don't think that it is universally persuasive and academically plausible to address the issue in such a way as Prof. Kimura does, that is, in terms of what the origin of Ch'an tradition was. It surely must have a powerful appeal to adherents of the tradition, however, it surely does not to outer world.

It is like the Jehovah's Witnesses' missionary strategy of converting Christians by referring to literal meanings of the passages in the Bible. Christians, for whom the Bible has the utmost authority objectively referable for any issue, may feel strongly challenged by the Witnesses' appeal to their literal readings of the Bible when engaged in controversies with them over whether the existing Christian churches have been faithful to the 'original' teachings of the Bible. Nonetheless, their arguments do not impress at all those that do not concern themselves with the Bible, perhaps including all of us here in this conference.

Furthermore, modern intellectuality despises that kind of religious attitudes, labelling them as fundamentalism. In the same way, an argument for renovation of Ch'an tradition grounded in an appeal to the 'origin' of Ch'an may draw audience from within the tradition only, but most probably not much from outer world. I wonder whether it would be possible "to revive Ch'an Buddhism as an effective religion in the modern world" with such limited discourses that are meaningful only within the tradition itself.

It seems to me that Prof. Kimura's appeal to the 'origin' in his argument is not much plausible academically, either. Prof. Kimura himself mentions the fictitious character of the stories regarding the 'origin' of Ch'an tradition, which is now a widely admitted common sense in academia. Let me cite a paragraph from Bernard Faure's The Rhetoric of Immediacy: A Cultural Critique of Chan/Zen Buddhism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991) which excited many religious scholars so that a special session was held for it in an annual conference of the American Academy of Religions:

The fact that, sociologically or institutionally, a "routinization of charisma" takes place does not entail a deviation at the theoretical level. The banalization of the teaching is time and again counterbalanced by reformative attempts, the resurgence of a process of purification. Yet the question remains: Is there an originary, nonderived, Chan principle at the dawn of the tradition, or is one confronted merely with "traces" in the Derridean sense? According to Derrida, "the trace is not only the disappearance of origin, it means . . . . that the origin did not even disappear, that it was never constituted except reciprocally by a nonorigin, the trace, which thus becomes the origin of the origin" (Derrida 1974: 61). . . . Indeed, it may not be a case of a "pure" teaching becoming "corrupted" because of social factors. The very notion of the original "purity" of Chan seems to have arisen simultaneously with or even posterior to the notion of its "degradation."

Thus there is a danger in regarding the institutionalization of Chan as a deviation from a "pure" Chan experience. One would thereby simply replicate a certain type of traditional discourse and end up reintroducing an "essence" of Zen. (p. 25)

It seems to me that today's global humanities scholarship in general prefers this perspective to an appeal to the original purity or perfectness. In the ethos of modern scholarship, the former is regarded as academically appropriate and the latter as an uncritical reiteration of traditional cliche. And Faure's admonition expressed in the last two sentences of the above citation clearly applies to Prof. Kimura's attempt. I never mean to deny the validity of Prof. Kimura's arguments. On the contrary, I I very much appreciate his implication that something went wrong with Ch'an tradition when it neglected the crucial importance of moral efforts in its soteriology and made them marginal to or discontinuous with its subitist ideal, at least on the doctrinal context. Ch'an masters indeed put much emphasis on moral efforts in their everyday teachings. Moral efforts are insisted as a very important part of disciplines in a Ch'an monastery, needless to say of laymen and -women's religious lives.

However, seen from the theoretical point of view, does that emphasis really well get along with their subitist soteriology? It seems to me that the soteriological significance of moral efforts is not organically incorporated into the theoretical scheme of Ch'an subitism, although they are indeed heavily demanded for practitioners.

I think that the doctrines of 'no-mediacy' (Ùíá¶ëî) and 'no manipulating acts or thoughts' (ÙíêÓ) is an essential element of the subitist soteriology exalted by Patriarchal Ch'an tradition, and that it is partly responsible for the alienation of moral efforts from the theoretical schema of subitist soteriology. Prof. Kimura puts the subitism of Patriarchal Ch'an tradition as the "standpoint at which the very truth is alive in a daily life" citing Dr. Yanagida Seizan, or the representation of "the modality of the truth itself alive in a daily life of everybody" in his own words.

This standpoint generates twofold emphases. One is that you must go through fundamental transformation of yourself in order to actually make your ordinary everyday life full embodiment of the truth as it originally is. The other is that the ordinary daily life itself, exactly as it is now without any manipulated transformation, is the truth itself or the locus of its functioning.

In the latter respect, neglect or marginalization of the importance of moral efforts seems to be a corollary of Patriarchal Ch'an tradition's exaltation of subitist soteriology. Even at the first point, Ch'an doctrines in general tended to focus on the final moment of transformation or enlightenment, rather than affording attention for theorization of the significance of moral and disciplinary efforts in everyday life.

Seen from this perspective, it is not enough to simply claim that the importance of moral efforts should be reconsidered to revive Ch'an Buddhism. I think some crucial issues must be further addressed in order for that claim to be logically legitimate and strongly persuasive. In this regards, I would like to raise some questions:

1) As I already asked above, did the Ch'an of Patriarchs deliberately decided to forget Bodhidharma's teaching on the practice of recompense? Wasn't the amnesia probably a corollary of Ch'an tradition's doctrinal development? Or was it simply a careless neglect? Or was it due to serious misunderstanding of its origin?

2) What are the inner and the circumstantial reasons for Ch'an tradition's loss of vitality in the modern world, if it has actually happened at all? Let's assume that neglect of the importance of moral efforts is the inner reason as Prof. Kimura seems to mean. Then, why is it so?

3) What are the reasons for Ch'an tradition's tremendous success, in spite of its failure to properly succeed to the original emphasis on moral efforts, in East Asia in the past, the largest locus of Mahyna Buddhist development?

4) What are the positive side of Ch'an tradition's success in the scene of the East Asian Buddhism? And what are the negative effects of its success without proper incorporation of moral efforts into its subitist soteriological schema?

5) Why is it that Ch'an tradition needs to recover its concern in moral efforts in terms of Bodhidharma's practice of recompense, if it is to be revived in the modern world? Simply because it was a crucial element of its original ideology? As stated earlier, this may be an appealing and more-than-enough answer for adherents of the tradition, but not for academicians and outsiders. Or because it is an indispensible requirement in the modern world for a religion's validity or effectiveness? Then, why is it particularly required that much in the modern world, while Ch'an tradition seems to have done well without it in the past?

6) If Ch'an tradition is to reincorporate the importance of moral efforts in terms of the practice of recompense or whatsoever into its soteriology, how would it be able to make it logically coherent with or at least compatible with its subitist doctrine?

All the above questions are not separate from one another, but indeed intertwined. Feeling like we met a powerful comrade in our movement for revalorization of Ch'an Buddhism in an effort to reorient modern civilization toward a humane modality, I wish to listen to Prof. Kimura's explication of what he has left hidden between the lines of his article.

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