* Á¦ 2ºÐ°ú(¿©·¯ ºÒ±³ »ç»ó ÀüÅë ÇÏ¿¡¼ º» ºÒ¼º¿¡ °üÇÑ °ßÇØµé) * »çȸÀÚ : ¿À´ÃÀº ¾îÁ¦¿Í ´Þ¸® »çȸ¸¦ ·çÀ̽º ¶ûÄ«½ºÅÍ ¹Ú»ç´ÔÀÌ ¸Ã¾Æ ÁֽðڽÀ´Ï´Ù. * ¿äÇϳ׽º ºê·Õũȣ½ºÆ®(½ºÀ§½º ·ÎÀÜ´À´ëÇб³) ±³¼öÀÇ "ÀεµºÒ±³ ÀüÅë¿¡¼ÀÇ ÀÚ¾Æ¿Í ¸í»ó °³³ä"¿¡ °üÇÑ ³í¹® ¹ßÇ¥ ÁßÀÔ´Ï´Ù. * ³í¹® ³»¿ëÀº ÀÚ·á½ÇÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϽñ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù. * »çȸÀÚ : ³íÆòÀÌ À̾î Áö°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. * ±èÈ£¼º(µ¿±¹´ëÇб³ ±³¼ö) : µ¿±¹ ´ëÇб³ ±èÈ£¼ºÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¸ÕÀú ³íÆòÀº ¿©·¯ºÐµé²² ³ª´©¾î ÁÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÀÌ µÇ°í¿ä. Á¦°¡ ¸ÕÀú ÁغñÇÑ ³íÆòÀ» ¿µ¾î·Î ÀÐ°í ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡ °£·«ÇÏ°Ô Çѱ۷Π¸î°¡Áö ¿ä¾àÇØ¼ ¸»¾¸µå¸®µµ·Ï ÇϰڽÀ´Ï´Ù. Review of "Self and Meditation in Indian Buddhism" Ho Seong Kim Dongguk University. Dr. Bronkhost, it's an honor for me to review your article on this occasion.Unfortunately, I am not the most appropriate person for review your article. Your article is mainly focused on 'the self and meditation' in Early Buddhism. However my main field of research was mainly focused on Mah y na and S n. So it can be that my review will primarily reveal our differentinterests.Furthermore, I am afraid not to be able to make you understand my position, fully, since my skills in English conversion are yet to be improved.First of all, I was impressed by your method of comparing Buddhism with some other contemporary Indian religions. As we know, Buddhism developed through a dialogue with non-Buddhist thought in India, which you mentioned as Jainism and classical Hinduism. These two religions can be deemed respectively as focusing on asceticism and knowledge of the self ( tman) as the way to liberation. As you said, the Buddha rejected these two methods as ways to liberation. Instead, he presented a new method which I would like to call 'the way of meditation'. This was the beginning of the long tradition of Buddhist meditation. I also agree with you that the new way of meditation presented by the Buddha was related to the theory of karma and that Buddhist meditation was -and still is- characterized by psychological tendencies. But I disagree with you on the following points: 1. It seems to me that you segregated non-Buddhist factors from Buddhist thought. In particular, you pointed out the pudgala theory of Abhidharma and the tath gatagarbha theory of Mah y na Buddhism. Reading the paragraph of the La k vatara S tra that you cited, I also recognize that there were someconfusions between the tath gatagarbha of the Buddhists and the tman of the classical Hindus. You formulated your view concerning this passage as follows : The Buddha's answer does not interest us at present. An attempt is made to show that there is, after all, a difference between the that gatagarbha of the Buddhists and the tman of the non-Buddhists. The main point is that the two were so close that even Buddhists started wondering what the difference was. Clearly, the idea of an inactive self had maintained its attraction for the Buddhists of this later period. But you fall to cite the passage of the La k vatara S tra just following your citation, which proposes a way to solve this confusion. No, Mah mati, my tath gatagarbha is not the same as the tman taught by the eretics(t rthika). /.../ Therefore, Mah mati, in order to abandonthemisconception cherished by the heretics, you must strive after the teaching of an tman and tath gatagarbha. (La k vatara S tra, ed. P. L. Vaidya, Darbhanga 1963, BST 3 , p.33. ll. 16-29). This passage aims at differentiating the concepts of tath gatagarbha and tman, stating that tath gatagarbha is nir tman tath gatagarbha. Thus the La k vatara S tra itself does not just state this confusion, but it also indicates some solutions to it. By stating that the "Buddha's answer does not interest us", you seem to choose to nor consider the attempts made by Buddhist themselves to overcome those non-Buddhist factors. 2. You said that the Buddhist way to liberation differs from non-Buddhistic ways, and that it is related to the theory of karma. This is true. For that reason, you should have examined the psychological characteristics of Buddhist meditation more thoroughly. It seems to me that you were principally interested in the relationship between self and meditation. Meditation in Indian Buddhism, i.e. from Early Buddhism up to Tath gatagarbha thought, had constantly preserved its psychological dimension. Furthermore, you neither examined the psychology of Yog c ra Buddhism, nor did you examine the psychology implied in Tath gatagarbha Buddhism. For example, the La k vatara S tra states the identity between the tath gatagarbha and the layavij na. If we fail to consider the psychological aspects of the tath gatagarbha theory, then we can not differentiate between the concept of tath gatagarbha in Mah y na Buddhism and the concept of tman in classical Hinduism. 3. I think that Buddhist meditation, including S n(àÉ, Ch'an), consists mainly of two streams. One is based on the psychology of mind (vij na), the other one on emptiness ( nyat ). These two streams are harmonized in the Awakening of Faith in the Mah y na (ÓÞã«ÑÃãáÖå). These two streams correspond respectively to the 'mind in terms of phenomena'(ãýßæØþÚ¦) and to the 'mind in terms of the absolute'(ãýòØåýÚ¦). The first one is related to Yog c ra philosophy, and the latter one is related to M dhyamika philosophy. I think that the first one played a role as the basis of Ch'an of Northern School (ÝÁðóàÉ) and that the latter played a role as the basis of the Ch'an of Southern School (ÑõðóàÉ). This can be summed up as follows: Therefore I conclude that M dhyamika philosophy played a key role in the development of Buddhist meditation. So I wonder why you did not take M dhyamika philosophy into consideration in your discussion on Indian Buddhist meditation. My general impression is that because you onesidedly focused on the relationship between self and meditation, you failed to notice the complexity involved in the structure of meditation in Indian Buddhism. As you said, "whether or not the Buddha accepted the existence of a self, it is certain that he did not preach knowledge of the self as an essential of the path to liberation." Even though non-Buddhist elements were integrated into Buddhist meditation, the essential elements of Buddhist meditation is still based upon the conception of no-self. I think that an overemphasis on the self can hinder an adequate appreciation of the genuine feature of Buddhist meditation. * ±èÈ£¼º(µ¿±¹´ëÇб³ ±³¼ö) : ¿ì¸®¸»·Î ¿ä¾àÇϸé Á¦ ³íÆòÀÇ ¿äÁ¡Àº ¼¼°¡ÁöÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ºê·Õũȣ½ºÆ® ±³¼ö´Ô ³í¹®¿¡¼ ³ª¿Â ³»¿ëÀä. ¿ì¼± ºê·Õũȣ½ºÆ® ±³¼ö´ÔÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀº ºÎó´Ô¿¡°Ô¼´Â ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸ ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ºÒ±³µµµéÀÇ ³í¹® ¼Ó¿¡¼ ºñºÒ±³Àû ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ È¥ÇյDZ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù, ÀÌ·± °üÁ¡ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ È¥µ·ÀÇ Á¸Àç¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â Àú´Â µ¿ÀÇÇÏÁö¸¸ ÈÄ´ë ºÒ±³µµµéÀÌ ±×¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ±×¿Í °°Àº ºñºÒ±³Àû ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ±Øº¹ÇÏ·Á°í Çߴ°¡ ÇÏ´Â Á¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼µµ °øÆòÇÏ°Ô »ìÆì ÁÖ¾ú¾î¾ß Çϴµ¥ ±×·± ´ÜÁ¡ÀÌ µå·¯³ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ºÒ°øÆòÇÏ°Ô È¥µ·ÀÇ Ãø¸é¸¸ ºÎ°¢½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ¸¶Ä¡ ÈÄ´ë ºÒ±³ Àüü¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¾î¶² ÈùµÎ±³ÀûÀÎ ÀھƼ³ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» °ú´ëÇÏ°Ô Æò°¡ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡ ±×·± »ý°¢ÀÌ Ã¹¹øÂ°¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½ µÎ ¹øÂ°´Â ºê·Õũȣ½ºÆ® ±³¼ö´Ô²²¼ Àεµ ºÒ±³ÀÇ ¸í»óÀÇ Ã¹Â°¸¦ ½É¸®ÀûÀÎ Ãø¸é¿¡¼ À̾߱⸦ Çϰí Àִµ¥¿ä. Àúµµ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î °ø°¨À» ÇÏ°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸® ºÒ±³ ¸í»óÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϴµ¥ ±²ÀåÈ÷ Áß¿äÇÑ Åä´ë°¡ µÇ¸®¶ó°í º¸´Âµ¥ À¯°¨½º·´°Ôµµ ±×·¯ÇÑ À̾߱⸦ ¾ÕºÎºÐ¿¡¼ Àá±ñ ÇÏ°í ¸»Áö, ÀÌ ³í¹® Àüü¿¡ ³íÁö¸¦ Á¤¸®ÇÏ¸é¼ ²ø°í °¡Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ Á» ºÒÆò½º·¯¿ü½À´Ï´Ù. ¿¹ÄÁ´ë ¿©·¡Á »ç»ó °°Àº °æ¿ì¸¸ ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ½É¸®ÀûÀÎ Ãø¸é¿¡¼ »ìÆì º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Í ¾Æ´Ñ°¡ ÇÏ´Â ±×·± »ý°¢µéÀ» Á¦°¡ °®°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¼¼ ¹øÂ°´Â Á¶±Ý ¹üÀ§¸¦ ¹þ¾î³ À̾߱âÀÔ´Ï´Ù¸¶´Â ÈÄ´ë ºÒ±³ ¼±ºÒ±³ ¿ª»ç¸¦ º¸´Â Á¦ °üÁ¡¿¡¼´Â Áß°£ »ç»ó ¿ª½Ã ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϰí Àִµ¥ ±×·± Á¡¿¡¼ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ¿Ö ¾ð±ÞÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº°¡ ÇÏ´Â ¾ê±âÀÔ´Ï´Ù. »ç½Ç ¼Û±¸½º·´°Ôµµ º»ÀÎÀÌ ¾ê±âÇÑ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ³íÆòÀ» ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸ÂÃß¾î °¡¸é¼ ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ÅÙµ¥ ºê·Õũȣ½ºÆ® ±³¼ö´ÔÀÇ °ü½É»çÇϰí Á¦ °ü½É»çÇÏ°í ´Ù¸¥ °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ±×·± Á¡¿¡¼ ¾î¶² °ü½ÉÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ µå·¯³»´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇØ Áֽøé ÁÁ°Ú°í ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î º¼ ¶§ Àú´Â ¿ì¸® ºÒ±³ ÀÌÇØ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ º¸´Ù ½Ã±ÞÇÑ °ÍÀº Àεµ ºÒ±³ ´ç½ÃÀÇ ¸í»óÀÌ µµ´ëü ¾î¶² ¸ð½ÀÀ» °®°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø°¡ ÇÏ´Â ±×·± ÀüüÀûÀÎ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ºÎ°¢½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ ½Ã±ÞÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϴµ¥ ºê·Õũȣ½ºÆ® ±³¼ö´ÔÀº ÀÚ¾Æ¿Í °ü·Ã½ÃÅ´À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ °¡Áö°í ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ºÒ±³ ¸í»óÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÈï ºÎ°¢½Ã۴µ¥´Â Á¶±Ý ¹ÌÈíÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Â°¡ ±×·± Á¡ÀÌ Á¦ ÀüüÀûÀÎ ÀλóÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. 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