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* ±èÁ¾¸í °­»ç(¼­¿ï´ëÇб³) :

Professor Matusmoto is already a known scholar among Korean Buddhologists through the Korean version of his work, Dependent-arising and Emptiness (Engi to k æÞÑêÈÍö) (1989). I was quite impressed by his thought-provoking idea concerning the essence of Buddhism in this work. In my view, the current paper of his, "Critical Consideration on Zen Thought," was written in the same context. However, I found it difficult to grasp what he is getting at through my perusal of his article. Therefore, I will first summarize my understanding of his paper.

And next based on that comprehension, I will make comments on his view of Zen thought. On the basis of his former works, Critical Studies on Zen Thought (Zen shis no hihanteki kenky àÉÞÖß̪ÎÝë÷÷îÜæÚϼ)(1994) and Dependent-arising and Emptiness, Professor Matsumoto analyzes the relationship between Zen thought and cessation of thinking and between Zen thought and Buddha-nature or tman in his term. For this purpose, he focuses on the following three issues: (1) The original and essential form of dhy na in India was cessation of thinking. However, over the course of time the dhy na theory was modified from the standpoint of Buddhist philosophy both in India and in China; (2) In India, the theory developed into the theory of Buddha-nature or the theory of Tath gata-garbha under the influence of the tman theory of Hinduism; and (3) in China, the theory of Buddha-nature was again modified under the influence of Taoist philosophy, thus forming two types of Buddha-nature theory: Buddha-nature Immanence theory and Buddha-nature Manifestation theory. However, he argues that neither of these two types of Buddha-nature theory represents the essence of Buddhism.

In its stead, he considers the theory of Dependent-arising (prat tyasamutp da) to be the essence of Buddhism and concludes that Zen practice needs to be directed to attaining correct understanding of the doctrine. Let me make some comments on his paper in terms of contents and approaches.

I. Contents

1. It constitutes the essence of Prof. Matsumoto's article that the tman theory of Hinduism and Taoist philosophy exerted a significant influence in the formation of the Buddha-nature theory in both India and China. However, he does not give us detailed accounts of what philosophical elements in Indian and Chinese traditions and how they could play a pivotal role in the development of the Buddha-nature theory in later periods.

2. As was argued by Professor Mastumoto, can we say that eminent Chinese Ch'an masters, including Hui-neng (638-713), Tsung-mi (780-841), and Lin-chi (?-867), viewed Buddha-nature as the ultimate reality? It seems not so. A Korean monk Chinul (1158-1210), the philosophical founder of Korean S n Buddhism and a contemporary of D gen, was heavily influenced by Hui-neng and Tsung-mi in the formation of his philosophical system of thought. In his Straight Talks on the True Mind (Chinsim Chiks l), Chinul elucidated the essence and function of the true mind, another name of Buddha-nature. However, this was only to teach his students to put their deluded thoughts to rest. Therefore, he strongly advised them not to be clung to words and letters. This means that Chinul viewed Buddha-nature not as the ultimate reality or tman, but as a skill-in-means. However, whether Chinese Ch'an masters shared a commom view with Chinul concerning the issue of Buddha-nature remains for further study. This is because, as was argued by Robert Buswell, Jr, Chinul contributed to the development of East Asian Zen Buddhism through his diverse soteriologcial schema for people with different faculty in spiritual matters.

3. In the conclusion of his paper, Professor Matsumoto considers the attainment of correct understanding of the Dependent-arising theory to be the objective of Zen practice. However, he does not provide us with textual grounds for supporting this view in his article. The examination of philosophical background in the development of the theory of Buddha-nature and emphasis on the theory of Dependent-arising as the essence of Buddhism consistute the contextual essence of his article. However, these two issues are not based on solid textual grounds. II. approaches Professor Matsumoto discusses his view of Zen thought primarily from the philological standpoint. For instance, in order to prove that Hui-neng and Lin-chi took the Buddha-nature Immanence theory as their central doctrine, he examines passages relevant to the subject in their respective works. Thus, he translates the passage "Self is nature, and nature is self"(wo che hsing yeh hsing che wo yeh ä²íºàõå¥àõíºä²å¥), which emerges in Hui-neng's Interpretation of the Diamond S tra (Chin-kang ching chieh-i ÐÝ˧Ìèú°ëù), into " tman is [Buddha]-nature, and [Buddha-] nature is " tman." However, he does not clarify why the term "self" can be translated into " tman" and the word "nature" into "Buddha-nature." He also interprets the terms "lump of red flesh" (ch'ih jou t'wan), which comes out in the passage "On your lump of red flesh, there is a true man of no rank" (ch'ih jout'uan shang you I wu wei chen jen æ²ë¿Ó¥ß¾êóìéÙíêÈòØìÑ) in the Recorded Sayings of Lin-chi (Lin-chi lu ìúð­Öâ), as heart (h daya). According to him, this is because in the indian tman theory, from the times of Atharva Veda, it has been considered that tman exists in heart. Therefore, he identifies "a true man of no rank" with tman. However, as far as his paper is concerned, we are left without knowing that Lin-chi himself interpreted "lump of red flesh" as heart and equated "a true man of no rank" with tman. Therefore, his philological interpretation of the Buddha-nature theory needs to be supported by more solid textual evidence.In addition. Zen Buddhism put great emphasis on non-attachment to words and letters. Zen patriarchs recommended the study of live words, in which a practitioner is not expected to investigate even the meaning of the words, for people with highest spiritual faculty. Then, can the philological approach be a viable way to analyze Zen thought? Instead, for our better understanding of the subject. I would  suggest that we need to focus more on the sociopolitical and intellectual background of its rise and development. This is because Zen thought was not just a linguistic product, but an outcome of the time under investigation. Heinrich Doumulim also supports this view. In his History of Zen Buddhism: India and China, he argued that one of the most important factors that enabled the flourishing of the Lin-chi school in China was support from a substantial power holder. In relation to this issue, Professor Kim Ji-kyon also mentioned in his paper presented in this conference yesterday, "With regard to the prospect of research on the Platform Sutra, we need to broaden our scholarly horizon to diverse fields relevant to the work. Traditional scholarship has primarily depended on Buddhist texts, poetry, poetic tales, and songs for research on the subject. However, an in-depth investigation of the social, economic, and intellectual background of the composition of the Platform Sutra is a necessary subject." His suggestion will also be of help to our better research on Zen thought. In conclusion, along with the theory of emptiness, the theory of Buddha-nature has been regarded as another of the two key doctrines of Zen Buddhism. Conventional scholarship has interpreted Buddha-nature as the ultimate reality, which is contrary to the theory of no-self in early Buddhism. Debate on soteriological ways has been active in both monastic and scholarly circles of Korea. However, the issue of whether Buddha-nature, the souce for the debate, actually exists or not or it is just a skillful means was not seriously discussed to date. From thisperspective, in spite of some critical points raised by myself of Professor Matsumoto's article, I can say that he offered us a momentum for broadening our scholarly horizon through his new interpretation of the theory of Buddha-nature.

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